Neuromodulation is an approach that involves the use of devices to normalise or modulate nerve activity through the targeted delivery of electrical stimuli. Electrical stimuli can be delivered either invasively through surgical implantation of the device under the skin or non-invasively through the external application of a device to the skin. Applications for neuromodulation are increasing and include the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for refractory epilepsy and depression, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for menstrual cramps. These devices are already utilised widely, with an estimated 244,000 DBS devices implanted and 125,000 patients receiving VNS therapy worldwide.¹^,²

With a broad therapeutic scope and numerous ongoing active clinical trials involving neuromodulation devices, the neuromodulation market is poised for significant growth in the coming decade. According to a recent report by Markets and Markets, the global neuromodulation device industry was valued at $5.6 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $11 billion by 2028.³ Another emerging therapeutic application for neuromodulation, which will contribute to this growth, is the treatment of respiratory conditions. Neuromodulation techniques, which can target neural pathways involved in respiratory function, can be used as an adjunct to more conventional treatments and are already being used to improve respiratory symptoms.

Neuromodulation for Respiratory Health

Respiratory conditions are estimated to affect 16.8 million people and are responsible for 136,000 deaths each year in the UK alone.⁴ Breathlessness, commonly referred to as dyspnoea, is a common feature of many respiratory conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension. Dyspnoea can be highly disabling and have a significant impact on a sufferer’s ability to perform daily activities and their quality of life. Management of dyspnoea typically involves a combination of pharmacological drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy. However, these treatments often lack efficacy, with one study finding that 53% of COPD patients still experience severe and persistent dyspnoea despite optimum inhaled medication and pulmonary rehabilitation.⁵